Carnelian
What is Carnelian?
Carnelian is a translucent, orange to red variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of silica. Its color is due to the presence of iron oxide impurities. It is a relatively hard and durable gemstone, often used in jewelry and carvings.
Optical Properties
- Refractive Index
- 1.544-1.553
- Birefringence
- None
- Pleochroism
- None
- Optical Character
- Isotropic
- Dispersion
- Low
Market Value Factors
Pricing varies for every rock and mineral, so use these universal factors to gauge Carnelian before comparing listings or appraisals.
Size & Weight
Larger, intact specimens usually command higher prices.
Rarity & Demand
Scarce material or popular varieties sell at a premium.
Condition & Finish
Chips, repairs, and heavy wear lower value; clean prep helps.
Treatment & Provenance
Untreated specimens with documented locality are prized.
Where to Find Carnelian
RockHoundR, the free-to-download rockhounding map from the Ruby Glint team, shows where collectors find carnelian in the US, with land-access notes for BLM land and national forests. Collecting is banned in national parks.
See where to find carnelianAlways check the local rules and get the landowner's permission before you collect.
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Quick Facts
Physical Properties
- Color
- Orange, Red, Brownish-red
- Hardness (Mohs)
- 6.5 to 7
- Rock tumbling
- Tumbles well
- Density
- 2.58 to 2.64 g/cm³
- Streak
- White
Chemical Properties
- Chemical Formula
- SiO2
- Elements
- Silicon, Oxygen, Iron
Also Known As
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Carnelian FAQs
How do I identify Carnelian?
Carnelian can be identified by its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, Orange color. Look for these key characteristics when examining specimens.
What color is Carnelian?
Carnelian typically appears in Orange, Red, Brownish-red. Color can vary depending on impurities and formation conditions.
How hard is Carnelian?
Carnelian has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. This gives it moderate hardness.